Race discrimination, or racism, is an issue that has been the subject of legal cases throughout Americas history, often times even meriting attention form the Supreme Court. Under federal legislation, race discrimination has now been determined as unlawful. Many of these anti-determination laws have actually resulted from race discrimination cases, some of them from the Supreme Court. As a result of these cases, the rights of individuals have been solidified to ensure that discrimination of any type is unlawful. In Shelley v. Kramer, a 1946 landmark significant Supreme Court case, it was determined that housing providers cannot exclude a certain race from property rights. In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education established the landmark decision that racial segregation was illegal, followed by another decision in 1955 ordering anti-segregation. After a much more recent case, Grutter v. Bollinger in 2004, the Supreme Court found that a school could use affirmative action in the admissions process.